Yesterday was the big consciousness debate between John Searle and Alan Wallace. I attended with a bunch of students from Computer Science, and then went out with them for a “Drink and Think” that lasted till past midnight.
I actually hesitate to call the event a debate, as Searle and Wallace were basically presenting two (albeit compelling) arguments about two very different things. But let’s see if I can reconstruct both sides before comparing them.
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Wallace began by stating that all important understandings in science come from the use of precise tools. Tools like the telescope, say – which helped astronomers make detailed observations about the activity of stars. Astrologers studied the skies using only their eyes – and their theories, while entertaining, had no payoff. Galileo, on the other hand…
Drawing parallels to the study of consciousness, Wallace stated that there will be no revolution in Cognitive Science until we develop something like a “telescope of the mind”. In order to understand how people think, we need tools to help us “study the actual phenomena of mind… not just their neurological correlates”.
Meditation, Wallace argued, allows people to exercise and develop an internal telescope, with which to study patterns of thought. And in combination with current theoretical frameworks and medical technology (such as FMRI), “introspection” or “attentional focus” could be used to broaden our understanding of how the mind works.
Finishing up with several quotes from William James, Wallace questioned the way that science dis-privilages and denies the subjective experience of mind in its search to understand consciousness. If anything, he argued, it is the illusion of knowledge about our behavior that bars us from progress in this endeavor. Only by admitting that we really don’t understand “mind” can we begin to move forward.
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Searle immediately countered with the statement that while he believes meditation can have some benefit to the individual, the payoff for Cognitive Science is hard to see. Galileo, Einstein, and others have given us tools that resulted in concrete understandings, scientific advances, and objective explanations of phenomena we previously understood only at a subjective level. But meditation?
Searle then made four basic assertions about consciousness:
- It is real. There are those who would argue that consciousness is an illusion and Searle disagrees. It is fundamental to our experience as people – and he defined it as the sense of self awareness that begins when you wake up from a dreamless sleep and continues throughout the day until you fall asleep again.
- It is caused by neuronal activity in the brain. Something we’ve discovered only recently – and it’s already having a huge impact on the way we think about and treat illnesses of the mind.
- It is a higher-order behavior of the brain. Consciousness evolved in humans and certain animals over the course of time. It is the natural outgrowth of certain biological systems and abilities within our brains.
- It functions causally. When you want to raise your arm, you will it, and it happens. Period.
He went on to describe the differences between epistemological and ontological descriptions of “subjectivity” – in order to argue that while the experience of consciousness is utterly subjective, it is still possible to objectively study the phenomena of mind.
So why not use meditative practices to help examine this fundamentally internal phenomenon? Because it is probably impossible to strip the subjective “surface” of consciousness away and expose the “nothing but” beneath it.
To explain: physics and chemistry give us statements like “The wetness of water is nothing but the action of molecules sliding over one another”. This explanation looks beneath subjective experience of water (”a colorless and odorless liquid”), exposing something new and (relatively) permanent, which we can evaluate empirically.
But your thoughts? How can a “mental telescope” help you make such observations or statements about consciousness? The minute you think about thinking, your thoughts have transformed – making true observations impossible.
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Comparing the presentations, I had some thoughts and questions of my own.
The first is that Searle and Wallace were busking for different things – “how things work” versus “why things work”, respectively. More pointedly – Searle evangelized a medical, scientific or diagnostic understanding of mental behavior, while Wallace focused how we interpret both the behavior and its analysis – drawing attention to notions of mental acuity and fitness, health and wellbeing.
Body and soul, an ancient pair of subjects… debated more and more as the pace of our everyday lives increases. Should someone who is going through a rough period take pills that make them less anxious and less prone to outbursts, or should they really… get in touch with their anxiety and frustration through some kind of talk-therapy? Is the root of mental and emotional anguish chemical, or behavioral? If it’s a combination, which treatment should take priority? Which approach (medical or spiritual, roughly) is the most therapeutic, repeatable, practical or precise?
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The second thought is about the relationship between these two areas. At one point, a faculty member from the Cognitive Science program asked Searle about free will – and how, if at all, we can move on from understanding consciousness to understanding the meaning and morality of free will.
It seems to me that dilemmas of free will or “moral choice” are what lie between medical health and spiritual wellbeing. Pills fix the symptoms, but the choices are still there. Without a framework that accounts for one’s choices, one’s drives and responses to those drives – even the treated are paralyzed. I found myself wondering what a collaboration between the diagnostics and healers might do to shed light on the moral quandaries of modern man.
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The last thought is about the nature of presentation itself.
Wallace, a somewhat formal or “academic” speaker, held forth from behind a podium and used PowerPoint to illustrate his ideas. He quoted several philosophers and scientists – at times, reading whole paragraphs aloud to the audience from his slides.
Searle, on the other hand, stood in the middle of the stage, hands in pockets – improvising without aid of a projector or laptop. He strolled back and forth, sauntering even – chest out, with an air of resign. His colloquial language and matter-of-fact statements (”I know what consciousness is – I live it!”) put listeners at ease. Within a minute of his introduction, he had the entire hall laughing and smiling.
In the end – I found Wallace’s arguments to be more rigorous and compelling, from a technical point of view. I believe it’s more supportable to say “We are pretending we know what consciousness is and where it comes from and should consider alternative studies and paths to understanding” than “I know what consciousness is when I see it”. I’d even go so far as to agree with Wallace that underneath it all, Searle’s arguments are faith-based.
But as discussed here – faith-based arguments resonate. Speaking from one’s own authority is immensely powerful; people will follow, if you lead. And depending on your delivery, they will do it smiling. Both men presented arguments based on thousands of years of philosophical and spiritual thought – but the one who joked and bristled (carrot and stick) was by far the favorite.
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Needless to say, the discussion left our group unsettled – introducing a “disunity” that we talked about late into the night. Once again I realized just how much I love being in graduate school, and how much I enjoy talking with my peers. Praveen, especially, had a lot of interesting and insightful things to say.
I will miss this kind of thing, after I leave.