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Do-While loop exampleIk6 Do-While loop compilationJl<General  Do-While translationKm. While loop example #1Ln>Actual  While loop translationMo6General  While translationNp$ For loop exampleOqipwr computation  Pr$ For loop exampleQs For  While $ Rt, For loop compilationSuSwitch statementsTvJump table structureUwSwitch statement exampleVxAssembly setup explanationySymbolic labels Labels of form .LXX translated into addresses by assembler Table structure Each target requires 4 bytes Base address at .L57 Jumping jmp .L49 Jump target is denoted by label .L49 jmp *.L57(,%eax,4) Start of jump table denoted by label .L57 Register %eax holds op Must scale by factor of 4 to get offset into table Fetch target from effective Address .L57 + op*4;2 %(-       % W >+DmWy Jump tableXzSwitch statement completion  Puzzle What value returned when op is invalid? Answer Register %eax set to op at beginning of procedure This becomes the returned value Advantage of Jump Table Can do k-way branch in O(1) operations  (R'         ;   CY{ Object codeSSetup Label .L49 becomes address 0x804875c Label .L57 becomes address 0x8048bc0 J  Z| Object code|Jump table Doesn t show up in disassembled code Can inspect using GDB gdb code-examples (gdb) x/6xw 0x8048bc0 Examine 6 hexadecimal format  words (4-bytes each) Use command  help x to get format documentation 0x8048bc0 <_fini+32>: 0x08048730 0x08048737 0x08048740 0x08048747 0x08048750 0x08048757 ;(fk ;("k,F[}!Extracting jump table from binarybJump table stored in read only data segment (.rodata) Various fixed values needed by your code Can examine with objdump objdump code-examples  s --section=.rodata Show everything in indicated segment. 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GGG  0  8 +(  8 r  8 S @,`0   e 8  f,wawa?1?"`p  Iint max(int x, int y) { if (x > y) return x; else return y; }J0 J68 8 # lǬwawa? 1?`0   _max: pushl %ebp movl %esp,%ebp movl 8(%ebp),%edx movl 12(%ebp),%eax cmpl %eax,%edx jle L9 movl %edx,%eax L9: movl %ebp,%esp popl %ebp ret0 d 8 <8c?0  8 HxЬ8c?g >Body0 d 8 <8c? `@ 8 HԬ8c?P @Set Up0 d  8 <8c?    8 H ڬ8c?p W  @Finish0 H 8 0޽h ? GGG]   0   < (  < ~ < s *,`0   \ < # lwawa? 1?P pp  movl 8(%ebp),%edx # edx = x movl 12(%ebp),%eax # eax = y cmpl %eax,%edx # x : y jle L9 # if <= goto L9 movl %edx,%eax # eax = x L9: # Done:0   xx <  f\wawa?1?"`@  y}int goto_max(int x, int y) { int rval = y; int ok = (x <= y); if (ok) goto done; rval = x; done: return rval; }6~0 g  d < <8c? @  < H8c? C x$Skipped when x y80  < s *,    C allows  goto as means of transferring control Closer to machine-level programming style Generally considered bad coding style @1*'1*' tH < 0޽h ? GGG   0L0 !@ (  @  @ T)wawa1?` d C Code <00 Z0 4aYi @ N,wawa1?"`S  tint fact_do (int x) { int result = 1; do { result *= x; x = x-1; } while (x > 1); return result; }u0 uHX% @ Tx;wawa1?` 8d  Goto Version > 08 Z0  4aYi @  f>wawa?1?"`p   1wint fact_goto(int x) { int result = 1; loop: result *= x; x = x-1; if (x > 1) goto loop; return result; }Nx0 )0H >~ @ s *E,`0   L @ s *F,w   Use backward branch to continue looping Only take branch when  while condition holdsVVH @ 0޽h ? GGGw    0L0   D  (  D % D T]wawa1?0@4  Goto Version > 08 Z0  4aYi D  fhwawa?1?"`P   Fzint fact_goto (int x) { int result = 1; loop: result *= x; x = x-1; if (x > 1) goto loop; return result; }N{0 ,0Z >~ D s *to,`0   2 D s *p, PP  Registers %edx x %eax result.  , 4aYiy D # lrwawa? 1?P  _fact_goto: pushl %ebp # Setup movl %esp,%ebp # Setup movl $1,%eax # eax = 1 movl 8(%ebp),%edx # edx = x L11: imull %edx,%eax # result *= x decl %edx # x-- cmpl $1,%edx # Compare x : 1 jg L11 # if > goto loop movl %ebp,%esp # Finish popl %ebp # Finish ret # Finish0 p        D Twawa1?`   Assembly > 08 Z0  4aYiH D 0޽h ? GGG    0L0  | H  (  H  H T8wawa1?pXt C Code <00 Z0 4aYi H NXwawag ?"`` P do Body while (Test);N0  % H Tįwawa1?@` D  Goto Version > 08 Z0  4aYiz H  fǯwawa?g ?"``@ @N &loop: Body if (Test) goto loopr'0  ~ H s *(ϯ,`0   z H s *`Я,P  $Body can be any C statement Typically compound statement: Test is expression returning integer = 0 interpreted as false 0 interpreted as true%0  !  4 aYi H T֯wawag ?"` (  pf{ Statement1; Statement2; & Statementn; }40       & H H 0޽h ? GGG   0L0 L &(  L  L Twawa1?  C Code <00 Z0 4aYi L N wawa1?"`S  tint fact_while (int x) { int result = 1; while (x > 1) { result *= x; x = x-1; }; return result; }u0 uH U3 L Twawa1?p @t First Goto Version >08 Z0  4aYi L  fwawa?1?"`p   int fact_while_goto (int x) { int result = 1; loop: if (!(x > 1)) goto done; result *= x; x = x-1; goto loop; done: return result; }0 2l'% ~ L s *,,`0    L s *., `  TIs this code equivalent to the do-while version? Must jump out of loop if test failsUUH L 0޽h ? GGG   0L0 :2P (  P  P TKwawa1?  C Code <00 Z0 4aYiu P NNwawa1?"`S  qint fact_while(int x) { int result = 1; while (x > 1) { result *= x; x = x-1; }; return result; }r0 r6U4 P T\wawa1?` @d Second Goto Version >08 Z0  4aYi` P  f>wawa?1?"`p 6 int fact_while_goto2 (int x) { int result = 1; if (!(x > 1)) goto done; loop: result *= x; x = x-1; if (x > 1) goto loop; done: return result; }0 K,Z!: r P S k,`0    P s *m, 0  zJUses same inner loop as do-while version Guards loop entry with extra testKKH P 0޽h ? GGG   0L0 N F  T  (  T  T T\wawa1?p` t C Code <00 Z0 4aYi  T N,wawag ?"`0$ }while (Test) BodyN0  T T wawa1?p   Do-While Version >08 Z0 4aYi T  fTwawa?g ?"``   'A if (!Test) goto done; do Body while(Test); done:B0    ,  r  T S ,`0   % T Tlwawa1?   Goto Version > 08 Z0  4aYi T  fdwawa?g ?"` p@  _I if (!Test) goto done; loop: Body if (Test) goto loop; done:J0   ,$ pB  T HDԔ?vB  T NDԔ?P 0 H T 0޽h ? GGGO   0L0   X w (  X ~ X s *γ,`0   H X s *,<   lAlgorithm Exploit property that p = p0 + 2p1 + 4p2 + & 2n 1pn 1 Gives: xp = z0 z1 2 (z2 2) 2 & (& ((zn  12) 2 )& ) 2 zi = 1 when pi = 0 zi = x when pi = 1 Complexity O(log p) q(                          bG" X  fسwawa?1?"`p L/* Compute x raised to nonnegative power p */ int ipwr_for(int x, unsigned p) { int result; for (result = 1; p != 0; p = p>>1) { if (p & 0x1) result *= x; x = x*x; } return result; } 0 >. xF p ` X   p `@xr X  HH2'8c?p `  X  H8c?  Zn 1 times* 0  X 08c?"`` 0 K)Example 310 = 32 * 38 = 32 * ((32) 2) 2*0 2          H X 0޽h ? GGG  0 xp\ (  \ r \ S r,`0    \  ftwawa?1?"`p  J/* Compute x raised to nonnegative power p */ int ipwr_for(int x, unsigned p) { int result; for (result = 1; p != 0; p = p>>1) { if (p & 0x1) result *= x; x = x*x; } return result; }0 >. x` \  c $A ??  H \ 0޽h ? GGG   0L0    ` 2 (  ` r ` S HX,`0   > ` N wawag ?"`P ; "for (Init; Test; Update ) Bodyt#0 2w `  fwawa?1?"` 8  w int result; for (result = 1; p != 0; p = p>>1) { if (p & 0x1) result *= x; x = x*x; }x0 xs  ` Tġwawa1? \  General Form > 08 Z0 4aYi ` H8c?`   @Init 0  `  `ԧwawa?1?"` `Pm  D result = 1 0   ` <8c?` `  @Test 0   `  `wawa?1?"` p  @p != 00   ` <|8c?` 0  BUpdate 0   `  `4wawa?1?"` p  D p = p >> 1 0    ` <8c? @@  @Body 0   `  `wawa?1?"` ` r8 { if (p & 0x1) result *= x; x = x*x; }90 9H ` 0޽h ? GGG  0L0   0 d * (  d r d S ʴ,`0   dB d <p? > d N@̴wawag ?"`{ "for (Init; Test; Update ) Bodyt#0 2_ d NXմwawag ?"`p + -Init; while (Test ) { Body Update ; }.0  ^B d @ 6p? % d TTwawa1?   Goto Version > 08 Z0  4aYi d  ftwawa?g ?"`0 3 r\ Init; if (!Test) goto done; loop: Body Update ; if (Test) goto loop; done:]0     ,/    d Twawa1?p t While Version >08 Z0 4aYi   d T wawa1?pPpt  For Version > 08 Z0  4aYi  d Twawa1? Do-While Version >08 Z0 4aYi   d  fwawa?3g ?"`  gW Init; if (!Test) goto done; do { Body Update ; } while (Test) done:X0     ;^B  d 6p?pP 0 H d 0޽h ? GGGi  0L0 @h (  h r h S l4,`0   F    h     h  B<6g ?"` c  @Init 0  h   `9wawa?g ?"`   D result = 1 0  F   h     h  61g ?"`m  @Test 0  h   `\Awawa?g ?"`  @p != 00 F P Z  h  P Z  h  6 8g ?"`P pp BUpdate 0   h   `Hwawa?g ?"`sZ D p = p >> 1 0    h <HL8c?@ @@`  @Body 0   h  `Owawa?g ?"``  r8 { if (p & 0x1) result *= x; x = x*x; }90 9% h TPQwawa1?  Goto Version > 08 Z0  4aYiF h  f`wawa?g ?"`   o  \ Init; if (!Test) goto done; loop: Body Update ; if (Test) goto loop; done:]0    ,/  h  fTqwawa?g ?"`0@  Z result = 1; if (p == 0) goto done; loop: if (p & 0x1) result *= x; x = x*x; p = p >> 1; if (p != 0) goto loop; done:~0 %R, X dB h <p?`@ `H h 0޽h ? GGGm  0L0 Pl (  l r l S ,`0    l S ~܇wawa1 ?, h  Implementation options Series of conditionals Good if few cases Slow if many Jump table Lookup branch target Avoids conditionals Possible when cases are small integer constants GCC Picks one based on case structure Bug in example code No default given Y" Y  "  : l Nwawa1?"``p  "typedef enum {ADD, MULT, MINUS, DIV, MOD, BAD} op_type; char unparse_symbol(op_type op) { switch (op) { case ADD : return '+'; case MULT: return '*'; case MINUS: return '-'; case DIV: return '/'; case MOD: return '%'; case BAD: return '?'; } } #0 #H)H l 0޽h ? GGG  0 ME`p (  p r p S ,`0    F  ` p  ` T p`p p # p`p p  <8c?`p H Code Block 0 0   p  H8c?p`G BTarg0: 0 T p p # p p  <8c? H Code Block 1 0    p  HL8c?p BTarg1: 0 T p@P   p # p@P   p  <8c?@P  H Code Block 2 0    p  H8c?p@'  BTarg2: 0 ,T    p #   p  < 8c?  pCode Block n 180   p  Hp8c? g \Targn-1:8 0  p  B 8c?   F " " "  0 F `  p  P  p  BX8c?  ATarg0 0  p  B8c? p ATarg1 0  p  Bt8c?p ` ATarg2 0  p  BX8c?  [Targn-180  p  B8c?`  F " " "  0  p  H(8c?`w Yjtab:0 2 p  fwawa?1?"` `   target = JTab[op]; goto *target;!0 !,   p  f wawa?1?"``  switch(op) { case val_0: Block 0 case val_1: Block 1 " " " case val_n-1: Block n 1 }k0    b p H 8c?@R` G Switch form 0   p H 8c? `  OApprox. translation 0  p H  8c?@0 ` F Jump table 0   p H 8c?0 H Jump targets 0  H p 0޽h ? GGG   0L0   pt (  t r t S  ,`0     t S ~# wawa1 ?,@ D   GBranching possibilities t T& wawa1? @  jSetup:(00 Z4aYi t # l/ wawa? 1? [ unparse_symbol: pushl %ebp # Setup movl %esp,%ebp # Setup movl 8(%ebp),%eax # eax = op cmpl $5,%eax # Compare op : 5 ja .L49 # If > goto done jmp *.L57(,%eax,4) # goto Table[op]0    04 t TB wawa1? 0 8Enumerated values ADD 0 MULT 1 MINUS 2 DIV 3 MOD 4 BAD 5B0 '0 '`hh t NP wawa1?"``P b  typedef enum {ADD, MULT, MINUS, DIV, MOD, BAD} op_type; char unparse_symbol(op_type op) { switch (op) { " " " } }0 H)'H t 0޽h ? GGG  0L0 x <(  x ~ x s *e ,`0   ~ x s *f ,@0   H x 0޽h ? GGG   0L0   | 4 (  | r | S @} ,`0   , | Tl wawa1? &  8Enumerated values ADD 0 MULT 1 MINUS 2 DIV 3 MOD 4 BAD 5B0 '0 ' ` | # lx~ wawa? 1?`C  .section .rodata .align 4 .L57: .long .L51 #Op = 0 .long .L52 #Op = 1 .long .L53 #Op = 2 .long .L54 #Op = 3 .long .L55 #Op = 4 .long .L56 #Op = 50   | TD wawa1?h  rTable contents(00 Z4aYi | # l wawa? 1?V  .L51: movl $43,%eax #  + jmp .L49 .L52: movl $42,%eax #  * jmp .L49 .L53: movl $45,%eax #  - jmp .L49 .L54: movl $47,%eax #  / jmp .L49 .L55: movl $37,%eax #  % jmp .L49 .L56: movl $63,%eax #  ? # Fall Through to .L490      (H | T wawa1?, 0 xTargets & completion(00 Z4aYiH | 0޽h ? GGG  0 D< (   ~  s *h ,`0   ~  s *d ,@0     # l wawa? 1?  H.L49: # Done: movl %ebp,%esp # Finish popl %ebp # Finish ret # FinishI0 IP HxPH  0޽h ? GGG  0  (   ~  s * ,`0   ~  s *` ,@0     # l wawa? 1?j  95 08048718 : 8048718: 55 pushl %ebp 8048719: 89 e5 movl %esp,%ebp 804871b: 8b 45 08 movl 0x8(%ebp),%eax 804871e: 83 f8 05 cmpl $0x5,%eax 8048721: 77 39 ja 804875c 8048723: ff 24 85 c0 8b jmp *0x8048bc0(,%eax,4) 60 6 +&<H  0޽h ? GGG  0  <(   ~  s * ,`0   ~  s * ,@0   H  0޽h ? GGG  0 H@ (   ~  s *4! ,`0   ~  s * " ,@0     # lp# wawa? 1? " Contents of section .rodata: 8048bc0 30870408 37870408 40870408 47870408 0...7...@...G... 8048bd0 50870408 57870408 46616374 28256429 P...W...Fact(%d) 8048be0 203d2025 6c640a00 43686172 203d2025 = %ld..Char = % & 0 &g>w4H  0޽h ? GGG  0 x (   r  S L ,`0   D  s *M , 8   X movl %esi,%esi does nothing Inserted to align instructions for better cache performance*YJ,J  # lR wawa? 1?0  v 8048730: b8 2b 00 00 00 movl $0x2b,%eax 8048735: eb 25 jmp 804875c 8048737: b8 2a 00 00 00 movl $0x2a,%eax 804873c: eb 1e jmp 804875c 804873e: 89 f6 movl %esi,%esi 8048740: b8 2d 00 00 00 movl $0x2d,%eax 8048745: eb 15 jmp 804875c 8048747: b8 2f 00 00 00 movl $0x2f,%eax 804874c: eb 0e jmp 804875c 804874e: 89 f6 movl %esi,%esi 8048750: b8 25 00 00 00 movl $0x25,%eax 8048755: eb 05 jmp 804875c 8048757: b8 3f 00 00 00 movl $0x3f,%eaxX0 **H5<5<5 H  0޽h ? GGG<   0    | (   ~  s * ,`P     # l wawa? 1?    8048730: b8 2b 00 00 00 movl 8048735: eb 25 jmp 8048737: b8 2a 00 00 00 movl 804873c: eb 1e jmp 804873e: 89 f6 movl 8048740: b8 2d 00 00 00 movl 8048745: eb 15 jmp 8048747: b8 2f 00 00 00 movl 804874c: eb 0e jmp 804874e: 89 f6 movl 8048750: b8 25 00 00 00 movl 8048755: eb 05 jmp 8048757: b8 3f 00 00 00 movl0 $     e  # l wawa? 1?P  MEntry 0x08048730 0x08048737 0x08048740 0x08048747 0x08048750 0x08048757F0 <80 ZHH`jB  BD8c?@` jB  BD8c?`@0 jB  BD8c?@@` jB  BD8c? @0 jB  BD8c? @` jB  BD8c?@ @` H  0޽h ? GGGs  0L0   (   ~  s * ,`0   ~  s * ,@0   W  N8 wawa1?"`  ]/* Return x/111 if x is multiple && <= 999. -1 otherwise */ int div111(int x) { switch(x) { case 0: return 0; case 111: return 1; case 222: return 2; case 333: return 3; case 444: return 4; case 555: return 5; case 666: return 6; case 777: return 7; case 888: return 8; case 999: return 9; default: return -1; } }^0 ^,DH  0޽h ? f33f3.   0L0  V(   r  S  ,`0   r  S  ,@0   ;  N wawa1?0   movl 8(%ebp),%eax # get x cmpl $444,%eax # x:444 je L8 jg L16 cmpl $111,%eax # x:111 je L5 jg L17 testl %eax,%eax # x:0 je L4 jmp L14 . . .0  Dt  N wawa1?p& iy . . . L5: movl $1,%eax jmp L19 L6: movl $2,%eax jmp L19 L7: movl $3,%eax jmp L19 L8: movl $4,%eax jmp L19 . . .z0 z         DtH  0޽h ? f33f3.@ ! 0L0 ?? PR V?(   r P S  ,`0   r Q S  ,@0   *>8 0.  R 0. N 0p6    0z @ B  B 3 rDo11?p`     f(  jJ11?0` 56  @-1"0 ZN 0p6     P j B  B 3 rDo11?p`     f  jJ11?0` 56  @-1"0 ZN 0p6     j B  B 3 rDo11?p`     f  jJ11?0` 56  @-1"0 ZN 0p6     j B  B 3 rDo11?p`     f8!  jJ11?0` 56  @-1"0 ZB  B 3 rDo11? : *B  B C xDo11?P* B   3 rDo11? *P B   3 rDo11?P  J B   3 rDo11?  J B  B 3 rDo11?  J B  B 3 rDo11?` :P J B   3 rDo11?z ` Z B   3 rDo11?` z B   3 rDo11? z p B  B 3 rDo11? Z JB  B 3 rDo11? : *B  B 3 rDo11?z j B  B 3 rDo11?@z @j B  B 3 rDo11?0 z 0 j B  B 3 rDo11?z j B  B 3 rDo11?0 0 B ! B 3 rDo11? B " B 3 rDo11?@ @  N .  #  . 2 $  C xx* ̙jJ11? n  A444"0 Z2 %  C xP. ̙jJ11?`p A111"0 Z2 &  C x1 ̙jJ11? p@ A777"0 Z2 '  C x<5 ̙jJ11? ?0"0 Z2 (  C x9 ̙jJ11?`  A222"0 Z2 )  C xh< ̙jJ11?t "  A555"0 Z2 *  C x@ ̙jJ11?6 A888"0 Z2 +  C xC ̙jJ11?p    A333"0 Z2 ,  C xlG ̙jJ11? n  A666"0 Z2 -  C xK ̙jJ11? .  A999"0 Z .   fN  jJ11?;_ @5  ?0"0 Z /   fpR  jJ11? ?1"0 Z 0   fV  jJ11? 4  ?4"0 Z 1   fY  jJ11? *%  ?7"0 Z 2   ft]  jJ11? T *  ?5"0 Z 3   f a  jJ11?`T e*  ?8"0 Z 4   fd  jJ11? j  ?9"0 Z 5   fxh  jJ11?T *  ?2"0 Z 6   f$l  jJ11? j  ?3"0 Z 7   fo  jJ11?  ?6"0 Z 8   f|s  jJ11?*  E<(0 Z 9   f(w  jJ11?0 go  Z<0 Z :   fh{  jJ11?P   E=(0 Z ;   f3  jJ11? *0  E>(0 Z <   fd  jJ11?  O E=(0 Z =   f|  jJ11? :  E<(0 Z >   f,  jJ11? :0 E>(0 Z ?   fL  jJ11?  _ E=(0 Z @   f8  jJ11?u G:  E<(0 Z A   f  jJ11?iu :  E>(0 Z B   f  jJ11? P  E=(0 Z C   f  jJ11?@5w E<(0 Z D   f  jJ11?5 E>(0 Z E   f  jJ11?IZ E=(0 Z F   f  jJ11?   Z<0 Z G   fH  jJ11?   E=(0 Z H   fD  jJ11? 7   Z<0 Z I   fز  jJ11? W  E=(0 Z J   f̶  jJ11?   Z<0 Z K   f  jJ11?   E=(0 Z L B  f  jJ11? o  Z<0 Z M B  f  jJ11?P o  E=(0 Z N B  f  jJ11?  Z<0 Z O B  f  jJ11?Y  E=(0 ZH  0޽h ? f33f3 " 0 0 *(   r  S  ,`0   x  c $ ,@0   H  0޽h ? GGG ] 0 P(  X  C d     S d9 3    H  0ηo~ ? 3380___PPT10. e, b 0 @ (   X  C d     S 8d9 3    H  0ηo~ ? 3380___PPT10.6@+' c 0 P (   X  C d     S pd9 3    H  0ηo~ ? 3380___PPT10.6@+' d 0 ` (   X  C d     S d9 3    H  0ηo~ ? 3380___PPT10.6@+' e 0 p (   X  C d     S ,-d9 3    H  0ηo~ ? 3380___PPT10.6@+' f 0  (   X  C d     S 䤬d9 3    H  0ηo~ ? 3380___PPT10.6@+' g 0  (   X  C d     S ȶd9 3    H  0ηo~ ? 3380___PPT10.6@+' h 0  (   X  C d     S 8d9 3    H  0ηo~ ? 3380___PPT10.6@+' i 0  (   X  C d     S |d9 3    H  0ηo~ ? 3380___PPT10.6@+' j 0  (   X  C d     S @Wd9 3    H  0ηo~ ? 3380___PPT10.6@+' k 0  (   X  C d     S d9 3    H  0ηo~ ? 3380___PPT10.6( l 0  (   X  C d     S <d9 3    H  0ηo~ ? 3380___PPT10.6( m 0  (   X  C d     S P>d9 3    H  0ηo~ ? 3380___PPT10.6( n 0  (   X  C d     S ~d9 3    H  0ηo~ ? 3380___PPT10.6( o 0  (   X  C d     S ʳd9 3    H  0ηo~ ? 3380___PPT10.6( p 0   (   X  C d     S `d9 3    H  0ηo~ ? 3380___PPT10.6( q 0 0 (   X  C d     S ]d9 3    H  0ηo~ ? 3380___PPT10.6( r 0 @ (   X  C d     S hǴd9 3    H  0ηo~ ? 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