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  Hidden CostsMAutomated operation is more complex than manual operation New roles for human operators Develop packages suitable for the automation system New failure possibilities Still have to manually check that the automated system actually worked Diagnosis is more complicated What happens if the automated system fails? 7% of the time it doesVXNXN  Automation CostyFixed costs Costs relating to the setup of the automation system Variable costs Costs relating to the per-instance operation of the system Fixed costs continue to factor into the system IT operations often have limited lifetimes Requires reconfiguration of the Automation System IT processes are not always widely replicated 25% of packages installed on fewer than 15 targets 5;/+2.3 5;/+  2  .3Automation Cost ModelVariables Cmf => Fixed cost for manual process Cmv => Variable cost for manual process N => Lifetime of the Process Caf => Fixed cost for automatic process Cav => Variable cost for automatic process Then: Cm = Cmf + N Cmv Ca = Cmf + Caf + N Cav ZZZ)Z #C&( "B%3Qualitative Observations&Cmv > Cav The whole point for Automation Cmv <= Caf Replication is necessary to see the benefits of automation N > Caf / (Cmv  Cav) Where Ca < Cmf  ;; 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