ࡱ> F*Nт۳ Y*JFIF`WANG2 CREATOR: XV Version 3.10a Rev: 12/29/94 (PNG patch 1.2) Quality = 75, Smoothing = 0 C    $.' ",#(7),01444'9=82<.342 i }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz?Ѷm:LREQEQE܍L-QMM/L3NQLy5=XMqq' X?|%bVX?|# rgK6 ¢G4'  ͷy!HAx"I9ϙ6kR,cT]cnAJ,1Ymi鷾lFƻcTQ = *HVA\RqIQӬY!/PdJA5o:MfӮ+u~$=kwkV/nF )s4ޚcS.* |WB襎Xuu# ԔQEQEQEQEQERQEQKEQEQEQEQEQE! s[څF@3ɯWNjˢ^L|9M$K^ៀk3ϖzk <9SI 9MvQQ5EQ( s2f&K>ҷTr rEr4_^Z fmX6%2J:״+2#"z6ycOh[jtj?k:"ߺox~4Etrkc9unp?*xE2q(@¹:mkrQy"jo⻟@#mOS^V~iVQ@qL4H/`[$6+3Q4Z&K(f ܼu~$*inֳu5!a? H4(r%4xNt5]>34ף2K]6Pۆmkw:FCoT4gr=+pjxU ?*? 6#^%1׬xR.4EB2Mp+*Q GtR1G,O#c ¾CQ>'%7A|XQkpf=6V%*E|.'PӭnapTs򯡭mm*U=MZxA)@-nI#+ſ 5 3M-sj"X S<'K]l 2E} 7ɝb }* -QEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQHzkM+̲(rs_9ǚߍ/v4 8?`{}м/xr R%hw2Xڤvq 'sIK5FH6*? h^'RW!~VV+|-]E1&=mR5E(WcIh/޵? $ 6%ٌD}*Oxz/ecm:r1{׿ibL$J +ʾngC^5TWxݲSRJ'K?4b\۵} {-GCӂ fAWVj]/ڍ66~5|;:3I+:Mg3sonMڑ׌pmoZq\\JҊJul&]!qYfXSpѱ#XHG*9,/_In|^ xs_nFJk< 1i }­u-%!J(((((((((()@Ҽ[/;Lr(9 4sZKoF7}31uy2^: ڕWnaZQ^cxZC5 #{y~hq4n٬|\qҾw+M\S ⾗VWPAdyYzݨom2W+/jZ]QX(uiؽ*иL ̺ cg+0$5~{y Oz'58𽿊=qg"5Ah xxKIJxgX-}_5b:aՁR2=k>3,>p%F>Z|%`4 ָd ƼoZ?!62GAaKM m^Sy>w ѥHc]Er3 7w{pCQO^:ϊ5+^M>/0dtm졊_:UP}kGc4; rTaG"y #gdJ<UmY_Mcźglub@~e5QEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQTyG c+築?Z]+CdI0<ҹ_;|ev;0ْgJc|3`}G+TA'.xͯkHۡDoG9h$<+q;(P9$N/\jVf;N/zNWUC۹\U#+7^O|S tqGnk`Mn$#pZOKi V׊m*(/. 0ֹ/2ҼW($^IPbxcږi>%ɶ&|xᯌ5kUKłMqs^yYV5@ 1׼[Y4rVQ7c!ul)?_TcYۅ%\~:QLwTFf` OJoֱI}M{4<9[i n u5cmj6ڎ!Jx|H|\ RyWDktG2^5 j:,k ,с+t_[.2A4M 6(VE"'EQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQETI.%_ďW$M7Nш$dsĒǩjHir_Iime)HEhqA/jmnOGc/Դ<hM ނo豓yBU5ɏ31oՎfV7 4L:ҴW?&owSђ E|cZtMnTNA_FitW$jq*ʹwVA.J:=NgúLq9,qQ?P)䢂IP=jڥ􂩟9n>2<xӓŚ [fufwI?-AZ r#XڃW7xcKuK۸CMlۑȮc-yŏp#9S{xP?ɯl"F5u'/ v Si^ɵCv7G$;hZY3tg'WUËXıj 2y]k"d=W?~!YRi_x-QEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEV+hi$H2OJĩCw.R3`>|/_T)`*>}'imvGP8W;yhPy o#I]G{k%˺9)5ZvSO^ZIc#]W¦r~lk-;6ifx*e7EWv]wJmcJNNVF@kZ,g&YFI5*F bczou(UUk>9Xh]:\o];I"~|G՜5+১Vu1;ո~ig៼9?_?AQyWj{|j|Fmu˸{U)>xMoxWQ;3?5Vm>4jk<@}E?һⷅu;ՂCq]ݽbKyD=5ltV>{e,S"-mo 5"ws)נs66g+cw>0Ք~[ts./ ߵaש5R2[A!yz54k.xMP\%` #_zr=ih((((((()ŘI=oyt-&l@HJ]l?j xE$U\|qikCPbWMq'Éj]#4NUМ0?Jk6:=7w1ƈ3 7ѧvhaֿ|su=^OX8~wpk>LBVJ5k51x퍬.+on<;Isr"f[>2ibŚt|0+i+6yzyjsJѰSWjռ5OFBmZkTExr.b xVγa+ح-" (UQLu m6K(MxcǖX+CYaxn7ۻRpG;źd*#k;Pռ P4St9WEb^6yv^4jvu2W`: Z(#{Zi=C[xDbPng5-B)μTQv j2Ǵ V|;r{[xKKv?ZmB.-fIbq)Yx $QeB"Ny-*[ǜk&Ծ+kei-?t+Yxke孔A#D k7'|}us:Hϧ^t/hOhf");s׵E4w,0daa^Ucz&a]B >7o<-@[d5}gjvƟ C iEQEQEQEQEQEQEQA\|UoMk\y"%'MFR}p3_Wx3С X֝a][NpvƤ?GS-k)m.Y!qiMgƫ.M*M?ƻ߃VΟ& f2r^8mj;\_؆kHzG_ʽӌgj6]^Lă%׊jF7IvKZC_k5?wr8ׅEp~;e2u'A\1)xOvmq^[ë~ex!;H6yG>64=Bb-?,~( QEQEQEQEQEQEQET,$N)UWcelB}kվ t-uP-{;tƋ[]_HLVk,q^OA9mm2yS]+?R-uk)m/"YaU|  5'KM'=Sǚd6̻nf샽z<e8E.fiRkK~(3p>T,k?|]9B7 ? _K͒X@||konfQOݦm97$}szP !x6UK(sYk C\\n>|Q}lBMGQף 59j4 㷒:v ?Wc]FCQ^y^yOxYG\֦Mrpj# BےU-x1oK"_\wqDeQɌ4RZσ|U%,,pƀҼCڼ/Ֆf ~t.g^<ϳ lo/m|95M( | [_ ev/3LܜoKQk]: 6a <]K"RH=kt5K lPZVƛrq a 8+WŚ LRosGu &hyCjMT^/Zkvicf?vOŲxwB֙7ן5 NwjW_;uJ%vEx-rY3<֨'d3EX: }S!8ߎi~EaԠ>~7\S:W|]ާ}&Ny3e#'"+^0l>6X4Y=֡r  ~'x#ðJv^=/ÏKPcS m+~(x:?jcYlr}x)ܲ }}yaAYCwT UҊ((((((+?SMn/ep…M|}}f>-nvM/^3_M;~1;y[kc:s UI=Myx#Ŗ7(;3;RxŖקMfϛIpzޥkdrSE"vq^[=JӮ6ڽ2AJqO3_^:F XWiVgW7ţ߻ ^img[Ek(EV^Mze!#0 s6UI֋ˤOBӚ]kD3ۈ|C:/DRk !7?fn/dDu x'Ě*3(2޽VWW+o>&_~U/.'7:&n?y]~i^{URh>QTGV-nzQ1yfdGkz(u+s~*_vZ1j#[f;vX:Ljt.|< tq3zwzrּMߋ>(}X-V[DqJG&| r+>Q%eP1jk^:&uKhktrp8VW~ݦs&f((((((+ž;;HMLMs̀\? k {O}>v^mmحTVC7e^Mж:vuj.-2F E<|?eˋ-6dl4,zUi_j`;r {W=sV<o4f6M"9x Az$#FrTJox [٣ҭ+oz֑i}{oy6rYi#{ƛnEBKWm_^7G'oagmuM 89>DvO F+f?d/Ү^T]cP_WWk:**yoa^ QM.IB[۞ M{-EtH֬69Q0S}k%BH-,,dAֻxŚ$w! X5*") ⻋%9{ 3';Ew𭷄? 4c'dҞE|;tgz*Vg%Ք4L35DƓ,;Gn=+%_QU4]f8U#=E'҉C&Q^ڕ9o5 Qx87ľ#ƻ0Ѯam)Z7enດw? ~2k,o-ﬡ*R 6->."VI>(oheT$^?,M;I,Y#A]Ox~oQrbg^ooa!Qs1Vy]h@;5zKíLhp3W@(((((;W^~ Tkݧ5 |: "n_[*(*N:dSrsw a|z0kzkP)+wc j/kiu,Mz~>$&pAjτ~Q~Ɉ8=kXeX~j> oI$:5Ǽ^)vi5Myxwz&c]-n[|n6{\/&aBB=Hz$Y۴Hkbz X Yz'~G3$2s[KGtE+s=V#EyKu$W"P$ՏbToTsФ ߻aSGҵQel?rLӴ֯Nb? 鱎_Nv%_4ؚ- t\*1f{!{?LXՏirkǩ&vgZ4>yMr@C]Ay4Z>ﬥVGySW"w0Ĩ6[hk1dV81!QߏtZ_5/j knLH-8"^W%e#K(фF}%Cj񯆡O,Am-w \?Kg4\g"HhڂF"cĖߠndӝ*_ ƕzy|358q8WXZKs1csjfk1Z˾\wſsw4qn<Wďː]4((((((ȯ~<{XV˒]R꒡ܷԵ-A46_ #ֲ-o1@Uw n~{Qǵ~=-<3b |ώ벽7&!Tu5kWpxn.$A+حn`gD6 "J,(WzbG?`Yrl)e2Mx_O{ wO by^XxCL /v5q+[98Y~ /GN q]ei/)*?xu';xl攅 I^T|7 D1f}9 "{q^Vw,-C&@$WTkAhV׿h7Q>S3}\qkKm:[$1.I'mͦY6UP*;Wf&0Vms[Iӄs;Ivt71=OL,ed0 SE⏴[B~A蠚'Stom\4R`G8{z֯cv0tP`ڇ CF9ci յQjr#$g> ^&ݶ*A?<9;SlOWZ:k |'2c`2]<][:"NNϯJF>'jwTbdcJZ }+w^~H"81Iף\4|5{Tm#_UxXMw}X+((((({tvS9ƌğa_2Ɠ6Kg_^xgLO21!u gqt.Akw|7Ϧ]m/<,::g~h4&m%aҺ~(xk"[ubGL}+o̺,&7OjZZ//@=)9תM㒅8Y/qs\<xɺPa$AcO5$o[hsK/$.z2[r|yZ~+x]>)j7ggAx" i+5n$#VW0oåj*lH77/^ Ct9t_|Ga#}?k?ɑ_Z]#DAw+WVZ%׊_ 0zQ⻏j;TcҺxW^*Ok?-Nr[WuԺ圂n<;x#7EƯoho4Oפ͢xFfc$W1O~$6icbGZkZƐuy9*IT o h;+!\>2hZeÍ0q,uO4%hB:W7xO[8O/8HsM?H!FyW>> o>O 9A^Z0Ad\V Iq3Xx^cpV~:f/[rZωP}Α>Y+!c!|Wզ6C=@)8Eb{Ӊ:lrzҮ~am3!Ҋ(((((;W SV]#n_<%=) uvG?6@h~+>WYSOgWxh63i,:\3_AVKaZ"E? ڃ:bKO 2^[gHm`|s^p4_|D?M?MȀFp\d^ii:jZķ ~3\Kf|c]p‰EgP3X$ sN,jpsڼᖉ?YRG]7Voi887z.j=SF"⧃naDwVH|gz~G]qOV.{MgVY Zb8'ں1rV&uuv>bȥȮG)>κ 'A_?WIc\+a׺!k3-.Ogm/ XG,5tWK4p^GTP9,p+>!i_c_<}ki#TϨ!=sR J,>&h h(O#41*i\j|#h|,{)7fH¬CK<w5~2xj-gmoRO_ŤwSr c"/x'9 :g-OW{cvZb%B+_Km+~Cgۏ]d-!a¾9wQ| n5 yzd5}?zYMRg^pȬ"4Ka!w}kh&}-@9eɮុ/eLA?Ȯƚ%V"ϭpƋw:/%-u h֟'R=4j~ĖX[lW :j7V0_3>3Z.~!x Z[wH98ֽ+V#4 s^;*]D,:׹+Fu4\<-xՉ+5!NJJKwbo-4F܋z{ױk"/6R(_j._[C 2Fps\2ַ$<s槬$ 7@.HX5T[լfᢶm Wfuow-lFckc$sϪ1777kM͌m9]L^H@XmUyo|cOMw kgivpo[x\5Xƪ}gO e{-]lF_h}(=+E}i|C! 9gְu?M񞋪rZZkmb:|$~5ƟHGae(J|Cڴq[Of?o/.bU x{u+ ϮYC= ƣ<'}eiMRqXc3V]Fw[|qsZ~jFDxf_ƻQR{ K]o$.]hlC_ײl*0BY:|?VCd2|J%w2 Cl/SPXDW`;א3;/W&;RW.ZҊ(#}3vczWkVڷkvϦ6d3Wg4, }*ޟ=LU[m6qܦMjX]B"AYAk;kUD=@}寏:x*OI$׭|&&*(((((V <&,_s('}[@ +ɭjGNh.%&GpHֶ<j\w:%ܗ+k)sI{Q7Z߇NםKzgXXm1)obkpX ]7Qeq `oEݤcuxiö pť0%#j4 ~`n-bF4 ?SL46GEe#FA?Ox]ktGF03^-'$=X6*Ww4:\N]q?V!Q}*iffvZFWڹ/Bκ (#LAwn"ZRzW|OHH FT)ָ C㟉/1٪[„?G?B@j(]T8;Nq^&7ާ'^0á{X״]?R1 gV gmD\&~aڕp}___񭶏ak s-ܻ0thpZd=xIs^EQEQEQEQEQT'1 6`x|ů_i٨K8#QW|{eMJb@In;] ;/ʚ?UKIMJطt@J#Xy5@kx#1so@!A5'孚H(,~_ c }*x>ɩ]%ˮ'r? ZytZOl[Kp~ +_o)-ZR.bŝٷq9>"i{!i{\cQې> Ȭhb!\v<W"tmƖ'k'V{--Լ~VKn/n)cR:&p-杇ʋް'sɫf6ZW{yLTqNԾ%\i#%u/ @ ^c,Xy91S+]F!Zf Y*-IA|u ݵw pqZGXլ@p=EYv_Gko9!PxSҼKkxLK8dY𷇾xqVC{kup:!'v‚8KdU* q?‘HPژ~*xETy{"֎m+ReKApP9t;1ιoN:4vc&s9+L-gW]B8ܟ¼Tx|%!oN-kʷfb[yzcpuO]Y^Ǧ&-\O+~:Ϣ%4c<r8p5;d {eku^>+)Ͻm?oJCs*ך(}kmѫzkh}Nq9ʻ5H^EQEQEQEQEQYz>5} /t{bYg k=Yi UpdE|}Fhn]O`븏_ᶳ]cJ!km5ŶE9#\U*+ {-4WxOZf]>_¼ ߎ:̬ ~D׼y)kd1z5?4Iav֤Vgw{{Zܐ; ʒjNw-q`p \gl#݆FbA OR?:jI{-A~&k5[y#0u,$cH]mVjpN%aj};z[!x;~ė c03of1+(՗崻no5IE61Ut[MSM2I ]^0*Oxm`uijey4KN:H85ھ}iq{B_'yŚ ]>w_QBkY.KAk<()ҡt,+h-l0e@**c6x:C'4W '>0k}&5KZWg[klcm#ci'EtT(?j|5X|rndB- T]ڶZl"P8~n%wd8x/tM2OJJt#T hœ85l^'>it?Q^X*HG<:'Yg"^]}XGѣm='+OuI5G@9et}+>>6k5Ze,OWxƱ<,pRMq%cSr׾1#1+׮bZmD)ɵWX7𯞙wcZSOM,H0H@NL1JFU8k ҷAں}n1LH5(Q+!Tui8Ȳ?V#vB3A1sJ|9g^^E}]׃|l֯t/iW#>Kḳ~_ t?-pan᫧mATsَ+zZn/|Ă㬨< 9qWoP?#Hʺ#)dW#xC՝/٧<`;Nk ìFվn~چ{6I\#~nT~/q7! _X4)"m$y4mNKh$91 ?/ _}yMwQw[y3tV_P8 :(((((u-ꎦF9nzA}t*U.=B-Ṿ* 7FӴ87}jZa|15xW`sWA=cgDg^iiS-ĐD+~}Y5Mnw8xNs=›:PxWKi=F'`ɭU`2 xg[7 pg_ֽcږ}iQ;W|⼔ F1sk *0ʀ7Z{M99)H KVV+"I\b?X/m[ܸHFf'\?<˫iM=:_.+MzaF1ʳ-nY?UZ MxŶ!Vo%U:4O |,V15C gGT|* 4'V_ \nfZe5dQ:^݁ƹ$w.}JUXC+jvOAζ#TsFK;KƔȏ^޼㴅C7//zސNfq"xHxiT3u=EuY[EooQTp*;Ra}/j?Ez;sVG⟿[?}EQEQEQEQEQU̲OFKׯ4]C +P oFnjkbTMWN5s~5=P,?wy&~'1ku} 5Qx1_v~ ߘlKk wFxsI#dL?y׈>I 跗8W++Y 0A'-vӯ [57@e ?VӴ:5=svv[¹\o7Qz \U?o5EC o8n Hs^\ l69o!-CY./[tyKimMqg>HSMsTPӬDKҘ=ƩikVEp/=i$ Ecs.~&w;ִ5[]^%ôI_硫nZ?!!(;dk#z4Bg=t񖣯_^LdXPFW :oH״?GՃNneHӖ栓UѴ3@l kޡqx#IA<5yiEDY#w~w |c,;NCDV/>u` =㵌 $Oeow@:|?Gf{M+kAE ºG!v6?_^ 1PҼg/|=umS^w70^jQGjܼ8zV=īH2YOvq뫲IfYbnC)ȫhɶåEnZYx((((()2z/d*s -I9y*_jMzFZ(Z¾Ծ$K6^J9#$~ k>H\<%IJ6y?{WvvV:[İkZ9h^g2Ӄ`G^ WosT_/G? u/daH;|Q Ed:ɎGhզGyg(x~^Ƽ㝳K 5^Ch67L"gVC`z8-kz_PH@Mx>9^,?/zy6[ꗑ M&q־q2.;D_ݏmf˦<3[Ն8W'eˢk:4MxҴz](7kh wQgt+m8EvatCJORj|2lpXJ;kᯇZ+#37Ax~NV2uh汴_6m^]K}7):jv7GeҐ ~Oҍ T/9Kg}|/=}b|;ahiS)rƼ~{K2/kVZ|k׭kU!N2Pvc.+OWlb^lVJ#}F[Kּ?OoexgF H$WSZ|SM9eSM3Ym{ J%Mѣ_n?_XLӦ-4}2i H >Cފ~\zF]Z ['^@j&ut# @7t=GX2ʻw?ZuDŽ|{uᕙ?6;C|C^x=Cfa,s^EQEQEQEQEQA_$k6^?|af]5 uOv9tOš 4'5|7f*(&t=r87~,JM.n$epp^k 3oks/2R λ\B[ysA)OQֺ?u1TާXc90=L1Pƣy '̈Bi~ eaxv֬Eq,j)Wx#$;4[͍ # ٹ W9S]7m6fHb^y-Ċ3JkǚΦZ\;|ipG] wjz{Wu)ΈARď]:g@R1q^iJ"1ҩg ;Dd690`z 8|E!Tui8Ȳ KI)qHG/Z~R$HH ǿ5zu4s\"Wz>'i>" mrMFolנRQX^'F.3+>\.+; ⦭seᆲ25S\FSVʹ6$.#DuPda$8"o!xNg}*ki,@Xбx{v~ kE?t=wQoᑴ@mgaOXtI{hMy ] B66d%jNYb2I^W^oWkezq^?|> !9XF07~QEQEQEQEQE|C5]?Pa?t'Չ9xdHbϴ, bsMkUY ႀݓ] 2YCWKa *#nâvOQXZ74;:fomkv,W AٲZ0knb͞ED25ZVw kjЬC]F23Uiz֭}b&kч!y׫>wt,˂پ|_cPl=9fҬ y ~_ʴx8bDOEyUTdڼK?^ yY&^7Ω~\s+)RxkźՍIF,j$;H cAxԧTFy"GR`7/ݶehMK|#7/*kAOӭ#Pz™D;#!5=?tʩ*;tPp7 OPsjKVp+>4jS >mqn7_+oVn(^Upd#ǂ3@yl)"Xھ2麲yEp?Ǻ^$w H-9+$cwجjP Pyeş=Zu#3G_K֗2ZȞa3<I|w=`Fz~yo3i [AݹwwFi5':X6$8FA xMg y⻽7K,$*cc? [?|헐uj&`V<"?|Kruݹ%뭃}}!c> Q٢(((((& kgx^w W[O`ͅN=}9ڠwyQn9l f{maiR4fc+̼CD{{{N~7n:fv'N_N,Y,W{QҼ#4 _zg`bpֽ?k?\2"주̄1^x[(/>d⭷/yږW|NԡlM^:]x.'< c X}narq]G_ IJ7e 2خN{BD$^C]_<A-pw4-֮9*zfVMEE^ (> yV>*#HبX0yeJ~ʠ7-ԛm{Pk-ɾz ԑRIX4ڌo4gL&'*sqo@Mb8k!:/Dnu"H*58K6Lc"X j4K?g~l]bڬM] mHͥۂɽQQaSK/jh-׬FR2j6qrcKg=kƾ^*NE״wO<=+l>i:5yIخ_he bD*/#יW1Ck <70s-oC}HͻnH UMka.+>:xYXihiWEᏎaVD_O4Mn :2g` oAKQ|q J>[Z{;ۦٱ)QEQEQEQEQEL: B/#M͜1\yo?¾͂d9ǥxſZxWG/vɰ< M-b7!MzlVV;x@r)ml>hf`*x}Zm?P'BżsޛOÃDy =qx¿Bok2ko--[<lEmI/EQRM,pHʨ$9&U5YGFk?FQyeq( 86(_0ޕxCZ悗{7SW޼_%-ofK .y5^,A ۆG+dI|RGgI;mLK,jLI +2V༷`J_D-LW(q\y#~dE?5<32ohu^únyj7;Z-[Ð?;6~vjO~1\V}Zus%,sj/+zW]x.ħZOHb ʨo/B Hq^q| 4^Nqʦ fE>"+y+)k>24[cfNޣҽxQ+>cZlm~Gq4qs+I+nZ((((()0kω<*lfewvW$j#qJ xO"=W⎹^|k) qs^E&xL?[xy2L֯g4'GPU(O^6Rnzku^GҸOn,$=^uK{[ 5&?>0Lӭ~+g|QMcp,#cjo> o A^#$WRr+uռcx>^M= { <9]7b pB>f>qcW7Kcה.Tާ'Zo~ E$ ˌhI}8UπlGjٟYw0^/^GA bebF\}?W<\m~>d?6zZxn%Z/:>,C9S\7Q&t9=z W|PvI[~UTh]_;CJ_R٘rSXxvkHn_b;^[u 4,̮ x&f%t.yZVo^[8hPC#Hl:@ׅmmvbWPs]x#RъLJ{h.P$Pk| 㛽n("p? Ofu_Ih]) 'q:m9J((((((xOlӘ3FC>x8+ȴwyM렂Km? hO4粑gk 鷚Ov Xu&cy_ I׸\^Z~6*{O8܊HSGZƩ[=֛pۧN}EUimt<g\|ALjk}>& WA vQT@Ҧ#">kA0s\<{s^ t2|~+L!<2659#it$մ>!x[4m=sGQ;{xG¨y]7v3]H ]<73mb.Ҝu5EiX=uF𽍒.ݑ ܊:~l um9/K"2BTÊP3Qqd5>/c.Tvt5nM[×9Y!rUM{5E}+7k7ˣ˟n碷{Ҳ-*T1\*WW7xZ[ɎF:Wl^)e ,R2@A\ΡGREc+):<+/Bk,7vAJXֶ~7bX$l~WꚔF=˅$,rk<c?}q[&Ȅ7JSW6Ǧ[sll MFfI#;WJk6\ Z6]#}\׊&.y~d+{ uqߌ}GivֈXc VQEQEQEQEQEPzW;5 X:/+WZq1%^m3_cj:|d O|O3f9;z_xJ-o퓄9${> zd>(i$;brGZ>giYıƒIu}mcN;Wsc& ex믇^=VrQd^ݤ֙ UV쌛yc?ʬ)R0x,|ahTCz1̽s^sx\{ 1%;b9}kb״}:Y%LVt2 *-^,{k_#nN:Wzcx5umlʷwUJ=K:8A {XPxFeж\qu{^/6"]?i_z%+mz|:T`b8ѝ?uaV%KC|dpNkH#hC Ic]{ęT~Bׯ* 8S>(^:3\2 x~ |27:hjv]i+G$T8+ςEΖK%?ѼoO5Ő9|muGKm`}IT1NEղ1^kFSaN7_@ O߉ɥCW1k֦BRa2;Ҁ t((((()|Ÿ$т=|W|A<>t{5aXf[;UmooP51\?>!Cn:qs^ox%:05 bx@>t$t> /~x+; 9;(xgM%j"c_=,znrp>xO2ގ$f7zteXȘWSA:|v;cƶ3\?iZ}3^ڼM<7ƕ+;#>v:$܏{V4]HxpE]gtp*0>W=O]͎"CMyƯ/MtptȯG_Í/‘1qxF^w9AKER1WKgMkKWߨ܍"T*M6ٵUwj76[תqҗ`T34r"2+[sCU,YrC'BkuxcO쯶lE {/ 1H?[ԍK1>?qOYZO.!gῇÞ)CqMvQEQEQEQEQEQE|L70$y㜊 ^/g܊ys)}yeyWhP5JdH|[^OS /y\] +Wm<7e>m#K';N3y[v(j+1+.Z'."m9q4.Fes\ÏOouD^ I(p})C( W⟅ݥ}%c$?K}FNN+WK,-IMg( wx:*jz+ⲷhFk G+c^ rCklుa#F pcڗ42`GRxŶ^dUQ5ugU"H GYzvcOq V;KAY?k"l;^-,>)~/Oo+UUT` ?0Ўm 7\6*_|&VI= WJ1ҝEQEQEQEQEQEQE5*As_,dFڅx;FKoq^H*y_>|Ix/?oA'{|9\P𪂀k;N43dص~ϺaCԝ~y'Wꚵf7 H9,kt?C':-ܘ,A*=s^oq)4.7PGz󯈿VYxߊ4?Pq E: 񦕪&y߀v u(Ԁ3ßĒh"_&4R ^W FG=iJ =+U𾏭!}5j7u!զ~Y"m#ēEflLtjTҾ/.j%k&_֝_5/)µ>i*VMJNGuOp^&DB;jiMJLbº;_@~35yn}iͽ1oV6k.x%}k<9ͤhZM3*[ [?z[<.,Ƽz+C2鱶b#Z=œ2 > ~<-O4&y74>`lཷKyVHd25x:w"+veITa]T}4ifKnmީAܾBĚŚό|[$2ģ5Ï -onT y[k(((((((ҹOfxvDaRbltjVPOnh :dfοoM PpC3i۬c ؊ƨ 㟴Ӂ;8R*| r}쩹 ,xt xj^&Kk xKº,)hl>Z:Զ;hQ.^Gj+ 6hڎ>ϪE#/4CpbLf%7WF A=+|y;Bkk YU1mF㻵k4I!u"AxQЭIR2qW>|A SXp4ZF>o<ѵl#nrXhCKMN1FGQ(ڎFOݱYZϋI҈\f<[X Ge$vVcJiu=sƞ#[FK=*7,J~fi=>_د3O׼OizYeaL0{΂PIF\l`mҸoEӼ%fM|G מxkߏu/[=ۢnvXGoo4UQwTFa7{o?yi+ >Ycq |WφӅ?,L3Ǩ⺻OXK [v=&//Gq /[.,)b(,l4Rvڳ/cc5e&Jj^َ/ֺ?4zZvIP?|UYE·G&㪹zJՎ`|)Y;$r=EbxEYk4xj5kbڗb[FŋN+WZNEu4riv8B ziwt]:]Z1Z|-k-E[?xHEq^ݵCCsq -,*F,q?|ZyNX1FB7d_&M&-{qq"U?QH@$l4h IDSn\+\6l* k~,(,"5|צ[gCQWpGA_0}U) }k I>".l/Tc;=+ڻW -,"snJ-QEi6Zū[0Wk _6)+Wß]7Ķct)r0 S!IgXd`j(hʞbTM^n!cf,7dj%\e.Z'`R1>][ԏ6rx5ү7 O<1YOq"+k!w"["(9=Mz_è5I1n7_#FWogkuq|jO NծSCb*_4{cY\|GY|ɷֻmk4N8hZvA%Q2H_|Nм4\]tX993e+&ߌ/|>)ngIuS8v t(K2k^P^y?ɱ-hv\N0+ۆ6Yޱk]ȫ`OZ+>%@]џd1¾W4𾊗WHGz`Җ(((((((J|S_X]v>9S_'ZV?4/nxLq([Y[޽jZ(3Epk/_Dq*5yρ|iu纶>Kp+OGַ|rdہ}'Ś.cR 4[kyABۢcՂWDӓQ{i\a&ܖЬj͸W8v+B3Q-gr[@FXcPԬ#/ws*W`+2hN,zd~> ;X_MӛxcHzB^ 1A*"Q*P-dQEZ$ #V'|1aI G.G$ֹFs1=fNVRl(}k9-uXs~((((((()O-`9W'A๷~Wa_Ox6~2ҖU%%<]#(UZXU@',EC'Y(x[G"x-[pk_Ф~bB fŧo _0F]H>F4RSmֶM>Tw`9}ϊx9o'`lZ|%+`[iֺ**P>(]ZY-۪@-_&x]ֵ }tI_ |DZ¸ˮ{קTnbAh2ǁ_<|Tɣ貕^%O/X x/oQӐ嘏}+ >L!Q@QEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQE!+;"9}oèF27{[[/-aoa_Exem`TN7}+҇AKHyx3Kִ{á+&>l1߅fGf9o0pGTy /zt[Wyr -<+V,*<I? iX|t(=*դ7qIꧡ+Ŀ5}KKm(g +# H aT 7 A(d;xY̋$%1ι^y;Ld ' ^\B"l2=qEQQIrEǰZ,+x"pP3}+KX@6ƁGSH8ERMxz׶ZeshP:R(x6N@!W|(oNuWrDC{WјA5_W?'gBT̥C޻/|EC4 lTQG5?yncVSE gŽsIlmInWx͗.E_f=5)  `:~5reܟE$t ( TQETM,,qVc+ǼwK2X.n@~Umwq#{?;Y#!+֕* ?QEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQER`TSC4Rtad|Ԍ*nycx#V$'F]gE%i|:ne[W1 [5KEW^ֿ vQ$_/7.$|ڽss^2xk×Z?: 5b牙RcNъQKᆭHZXW׾x7^_fSd_{դ K$mXdi:zp<Ҿvau~9V`ׯ,2A#}XHS&kĶ2Ga]Gmj>(EsdEe w(4 )$+gĽвp3HpFNO֭x/6YR6',9j'Ҽ+nX[(`>iHqREQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQER0x wW^PI>9x_4z+zG s^6E=ū#s{m)oBc~>_tf%)ʶ◵QY!+) O^νn#/`8'Ʃy:5ɂ|ֽy2}G?fh[yQ}=v[u".2ɞ^{~hGu}J((T Q*J((((((((((((R0kt?}f#0>( {h^CϋzH5'#<[QR^g+м3rme>: \`{S$8q\εh?ڵ8wk̵-ѥzIҼ\oV[U_99Ğ%rڼ1&Y<+KH.5/˅i(5p6,QT`U8((((((((((((1H@KEHW֑N̼כFO%<:f\)}-FqH|57KFQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQE*JZC0?L%|%K9j5?NiD}뗿6Pʽ;uw6_/Ys=up1U-86zgя?Y<5/Ɣh,'gԿ?zz\WK?[6Wr}pKښN0u\N_KHYs]$qh4U_E&((((((((((((((((QE`S4QO"ȣȋy'*LQ(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((7( N/ 0|DArialasRomantt/ 0DTahomasRomantt/ 0" DTimes New Romantt/ 00DWingdingsRomantt/ 0@DVerdanasRomantt/ 0" C0.  @n?" dd@  @@`` 80   () *  - <  :  Bi   $  !"#)$/X$R$Nт۳ Y*2 AA1? 3ff@338; ʚ;J%5ʚ;g4ddddi 0ppp@ <4dddd@k 0t/ <4BdBd@l 0tg4<d<dk 0p p %0___PPT10 ___PPT9nnIt>"ՌPNG  IHDR +tsRGB PLTEfffm cmPPJCmp0712 7tRNS@fIDATWc`  SP1H $XLIENDB`? -O  =]-Recovery Oriented Computing Embracing Failure.A. B. Brown and D. A. Patterson, Embracing failure: a case for recovery-oriented computing (ROC), HPTS, 2001 A little of & A. B. Brown and D. A. Patterson, Undo for operators: Building an undoable e-mail store, USENIX ATC 2003 (Best paper) |v^:Availability and today s appsAvailability is the most important metric for modern computer systems Availability used to be a solved problem Expensive fault-tolerance server Vendor-supplied high-availability database system All behind a box well firewalled Today s apps are quire different Distributed, heterogeneous environment Conglomeration of interconnected systems: databases, application servers, middleware, web servers So  65% of surveyed sties suffered a customer-visible outage at least once in 6-month; 25% 3+ in same periodlot!not!  n _Problem with assumptions"Basic model Hardware and software can be built w/ negligible failure rates Failure modes of systems can be predicted and tolerated Maintenance and repair are error-free procedures More realistically Hardware and software failures are inevitable Human failures are inevitable Unanticipated failures are inevitable Your only option  get used to it  embraced failure  Recovery Oriented Computing (ROC)v rY r $-`HW & SW failures are inevitableSoftware: Functionality is king  a constant race to offer new functionality ! sloppy people & buggy code Hardware: razor-thin margins means no $ for high-quality, fault-tolerant hardware ! commodity, failure-prone, hardware Scale only multiplies the problem!L#M n% # aHuman failures are inevitableNLarge systems rely on human beings for Maintenance and repair Software configuration and upgrading Performance tuning Diagnosing and fixing failures Human beings make mistakes At a rate of 10-100% under stress 70% of failures in electronic systems, 20-53% in missile systems, 60-70% in aircraft failures, 50% in VAX systems, 42% in Tandem systems, & . But modern systems do not into account the possibility of human failure x'nH'n Hb%Unanticipated failures are inevitableCould you solve this w/ good engineering? Not really Perrow s work on high-risk technology Large servers - complex, reasonably-tightly-coupled systems, performing complex tasks under human guidance & prone to  normal accidents Accidents that arise from the multiple and unexpected hidden interactions of smaller failures and recovery systems designed to handle themN* &* & 52cRecovery Oriented ComputingFocus on repair instead of avoiding failures Recovery needs to be a first-class part of the system It must Ensure problems are detected fast (for containment) Provide assistance in diagnosing root-cause of them Repair mechanisms should be trustworthy Should tolerate errors during recovery It s really complementary to fault-tolerance (redundancy is thus necessary) Should automatically track the health of all components  so it should include fault-injection mechanisms & *lolodUndoable e-mail storeYou have undos for Office, but not for admins?! Undo operator incorporates three steps Rewind  physically rolled back to before the damage Repair  not constraint admins on what repair they can do Replay  logically (to incorporate the repair) bring it back Two challenges in the 3Rs model Timeline management  record system timeline so that you can edit it during repair and re-execute during replay Keep the system consistent from an external observer s point of view (even  after repair)VW W   > wDeUndo system architecture /   0` .T3f` T3f3f` 999MMM` lff3f3޲` eoHff33Ҷ` ff!` T3f3fffq` T3f3fff[>?" dd@ ?nPd@ d " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR   @ ` `p>>  }u ,(  , , s *< "`0  T Click to edit Master title style! ! , c $( "@0  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S) , c $ ":   ECS 395/495 Autonomic Computing Systems EECS, Northwestern UniversityNF0(2' 3 33 3 , Nff??"` , Nff??"` F   ," , Nff??" , Nff??"  , Nff??"  , Nff??"`  , c $h "ce  f*"0(2Z , B޽h))? ? T3f3fff[ 0___PPT10.Zj&___PPT92p22 1_aqualab01v  0  0d(  0~ 0 Hff??"A 0 0 "    A Click to edit  0 < "3  T Click to edit Master title style! !,T   0 "  0 Tff??"  F 0  0 TLff??"  F 0 ~  0 Hff??"A~  0 Hff??"A  0 RAk B?nwu-seal-gray"@P%  0 c $؏ "`0   !Fabin E. Bustamante, Winter 2006H"0(2 3& 3& 3Z 0 B޽h))? ? T3f3fff[80___PPT10.Zj&( 0 d8(  d  d Nyy .   v* a11aa d Nyy 2 .  x* a11aad d c $ ?  4 d Nlyy 9 3  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S d Tyy q   v* a11aa d Tyy q2   x* a11aaH d 0ηo~ ? 3380___PPT10.eۡp (     NTyy .   v* a11aa  Nyy 2 .  x* a11aa  Tlyy q   v* a11aa  TP&yy q2   x* a11aaH  0ηo~ ? 3380___PPT10.dz͓* 0  *(  x  c $0M  r  S 0    H  0޽h ? T3f3fff[80___PPT10.p$  0 @$(  r  S !,`0   r  S ",@0  H  0޽h ? T3f3fff[80___PPT10.p?$  0 p$(  r  S &,`0   r  S $?,@0  H  0޽h ? T3f3fff[80___PPT10.f$  0 $(  r  S M,`0   r  S N,@0  H  0޽h ? T3f3fff[80___PPT10.+$  0 $(  r  S U,`0   r  S <],@0  H  0޽h ? T3f3fff[80___PPT10.d`$  0 $(  r  S g,`0   r  S User0 2    f,N1?| ) F Undo Proxy 0(2     ftQ1?P }  G Service App 0(2     f(U1? P }  OTime travel storage 0(2    fX1? m  H Timeline log 0(2     f\1? P= H Undo Manager 0(2      f\`1? 0  F Control UI 0(2   !  f4d1?`  p CControl 0(2  "  fg1?`   AVerbs 0(2  % 3 rkGVHf1? "`p   Z"To be able to roll-back the system#0# & 3 r(oGVH(}1? "`p@0 HService specific0 ' 3 rDsG!3He1? "`  `(In part to make the undo manager generic)0)H  0޽h ??0%&' T3f3fff[80___PPT10.-5 ] 0 P(  X  C d     S pd9 3    H  0ηo~ ? 3380___PPT10.C0 ^ 0 `(  X  C d     S D;d9 3    H  0ηo~ ? 3380___PPT10.C0 _ 0 (  X  C d     S Fd9 3    H  0ηo~ ? 3380___PPT10.p ` 0 (  X  C d     S \Yd9 3    H  0ηo~ ? 3380___PPT10.p a 0 (  X  C d     S dd9 3    H  0ηo~ ? 3380___PPT10.p b 0 (  X  C d     S vd9 3    H  0ηo~ ? 3380___PPT10.p c 0 (  X  C d     S dd9 3    H  0ηo~ ? 3380___PPT10.k d 0  (  X  C d     S 4d9 3    H  0ηo~ ? 3380___PPT10.TKc e 0 @(  X  C d     S d9 3    H  0ηo~ ? 3380___PPT10.pZrp 7EM.U Z\r_0a\cegiŽ֐ l]&1Oh+'0T hp    (0 CS 343 OSFabian E. Bustamante aqualab01Fabian E. Bustamante94Microsoft PowerPoint@\ @QZ@ÑCGSg  )'    """)))UUUMMMBBB999|PP3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3ff333f333333333f33333333f33f3ff3f3f3f3333f33̙33333f333333f3333f3ffffff3f33ff3f3f3f3fff3ffffffffff3ffff̙fff3fffff3fff333f3f3ff3ff33f̙̙3̙ff̙̙̙3f̙3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3f3f3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3f3ffffffffff!___wwwles\4'A x(xKʦ """)))UUUMMMBBB999|PP3f3333f333ff3fffff3f3f̙f3333f3333333333f3333333f3f33ff3f3f3f3333f3333333f3̙33333f333ff3ffffff3f33f3ff3f3f3ffff3fffffffff3fffffff3f̙ffff3ff333f3ff33fff33f3ff̙3f3f3333f333ff3fffff̙̙3̙f̙̙̙3f̙3f3f3333f333ff3fffff3f3f̙3ffffffffff!___wwweeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeϮϮϮϮϮϮϮϮϮϮϮϮϮϮϮϮϮϮϮϮ՜.+,0   $ , On-screen Show$CompSci - Northwestern University2M   ArialTahomaTimes New Roman WingdingsVerdana 1_aqualab01.Recovery Oriented Computing Embracing FailureAvailability and todays appsProblem with assumptions HW & SW failures are inevitableHuman failures are inevitable&Unanticipated failures are inevitableRecovery Oriented ComputingUndoable e-mail storeUndo system architecture  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titles ,_㞙Fabian E. BustamanteFabian E. Bustamante  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root EntrydO)Pictures2Current UserSummaryInformation(UPowerPoint Document(M™DocumentSummaryInformation8