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Rowstron and P. Druschel, Pastry: Scalable, decentralized object location and routing for large-scale peer-to-peer systems, Middleware, Nov. 2001. Presenter: Fabin E. BustamanteF "  >^!Distributed Systems ArchitecturesSystem architecture  Component placement and their interactions Client/Server Server implementing a specific service Client requests the service Peer-to-Peer All peers are equal Symmetric interaction between processes Focusing on data-sharing systemsXOD ]OD < !  _Data Sharing P2PData sharing P2P apps rely on overlay network protocols for object storage/retrieval & message routing Classes of overlay protocols Unstructured Few constraints on overlay construction & data placement Could support arbitrary complex queries, highly resilient to churn Restricted to inefficient, near-blind search strategies Structured (DHT ~ Distributed Hash Tables) Constraining overlay structure & data placement Efficient object discovery Potential problems handling churn, exploiting node heterogeneity & supporting complex queriesZ ZZ,ZZ |8,K ]   ` Pastry DHTpPastry  Scalable, decentralized object location and routing for large-scale P2P systems Nodes assigned a unique 128-bit numeric node identifier (nodeId) (circular id space) NodeID can be expressed in based 2b, b = 4 Given a msg & its 128-bit key, Pastry routes the msg to the node with numerically closest nodeId (in less than ) At each step, forward to node sharing with a key a 1 larger prefix or is numerically closerPR`Rwb-&&aPastry Node State0Each Pastry node maintains Routing table Log N rows with 2b - 1 entries Entries at row n share n digit with current node Choice of b involves a trade-off between size of populated portions of the routing table & maximum number of hos to route between two nodes (e.g. b = 4 & 106, avg. 75 entries and 5 hops) Neighborhood set nodeIds and IP addresses of |M| nodes closest (proximity metric) to the local node (|M| ~ 2 * 2b) Leaf set Set of |L|/2 numerically closest larger/smaller nodeIds relative to the present node s nodeId (|L| ~ 2b) b i_ fP\  bRouting in PastrybRouting a message with key D arriving at a node with nodeId A If (D is within range of leafset) Forward to Li such that |D - Li| is minimal Else // use routing table Let l be the length of prefix shared bet/ A and D If != null Forward to Else Forward to T in L U R U M such that the length of prefix between T and D is >= l and |T - D| < |A - D|?",D g?",D g,5c Pastry APIPastry exports (downcalls) nodeId = pastryInit(Credentials, Applications) To join the local node (application is a handle to a set of procedures to invoke when certain events happen) route(msg, key) Applications must export (upcalls) deliver(msg, key) Call by Pastry when msg arrived for node forward(msg, key, nextId) Call by Pastry just before forwarding the msg to node with nodeId = nextId newLeafs(leafSet) Call by Pastry whenever there s a change in local node leafset Z/ZmZZ#ZZ)ZZKZZ@Z/m# )K@ } !  ,9d.Dynamics  Node Arrival<Node X knows of nearby node A X asks A to route a join msg with key X, A routes it to node Z In response to join msg, A, Z and all in between send Z their state tables X initializes its own state tables A s neighborhood set is X s Z s leafset is basis for X s leafset (closest nodeId) X s R0 (X0) = A0, X1 = B1, & where B is the first node in the route from A to Z X informs everyone who should know of its arrivalZZ2ZW62b77w eExample ApplicationslPAST  A persistent storage service fileId a function of file s name & owner Replicas of a file are stored on the k Pastry nodes with nodeId numerically closest to fileId Scribe  A publish/subscribe system Subscribers are kept in node with nodeId numerically closest to topicId) Others SplitStream Squirrel & v$$I$$I t$\G  /y   0` .T3f` T3f3f` 999MMM` lff3f3޲` eoHff33Ҷ` ff!` T3f3fffq` T3f3fff[>?" dd@ ?nPd@ d " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR   @ ` `p>>  og ,(  , , s * "`0  T Click to edit Master title style! ! , c $ "@0  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     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